U-1.1 Data, Information,Knowledge & Wisdom (DIKW)

The meanings of the phrases data, information, and knowledge often overlap in real-world usage. They are frequently used interchangeably. There are several definitions, and in recent years, these have become so confused that the different

Each term represents a different perspective or method, and they don’t even correspond.
As LIS professionals, we must take a specific point of view and perspective in our talks, but we also need to grasp the many contexts and methods for defining and comprehending these concepts. Although these terms are frequently used interchangeably, it is crucial to recognize that they have different meanings and connotations.

The Latin verb dare, which means “to give” or “something given,” is the root of the now-rarely-used word datum, from which the word data is the plural. This is how the word is used, for example, in engineering and geometry. It comes from this use.

Origin of Data

That the term’s meaning is recognized and used in computer science contexts for data processing. The term datum refers to the reference datum used to estimate the distances to all other data in the fields of geography, technical drawing, and mapmaking. A datum is any measurement or outcome. Nonetheless, the phrase “data point” is now being used more and more to express this idea.

The word “information” has a wide variety of connotations in ordinary speech, ranging from informal to highly technical. The concepts of communication, control, data, form, and information are strongly related to each other.

The word “information” has a wide variety of connotations in ordinary speech, ranging from informal to highly technical. The concepts of communication, control, data, form, and information are strongly related to each other.

The word “information” has a wide variety of connotations in ordinary speech, ranging from informal to highly technical. The concepts of communication, control, data, form, and information are strongly related to each other.

Data representation formats :

The most popular forms for presenting data are:

• Tabular – structured as a table including rows and columns, with each cell at the intersection of a row and column containing the values—either qualitative or quantitative—of the variable
• A graph – Illustrating a collection of interconnected nodes that signifies a relationship among the connected nodes.
• Hierarchical inverted tree structure – A set of nodes representing a genus-species or parent-child relationship in a hierarchical inverted tree structure;

Data can be defined as distinct, objective facts or observations that lack context and interpretation since they are unprocessed, disorganised, and meaningless. Another way to think of data is as:

Data Characteristics

• facts
• symbols
• signal & stimuli

Characteristic of Data

• It could stand for a collection of distinct facts regarding an incident.
• It is necessary in order to derive information;
• It is usually static in nature;

1.2. Information:

Like many other English terms, the word information comes from the Latin verb informare, which means to inform. In Latin, informio meant “concept” or “idea.”

In the simplest terms, information is defined as processed data with a purpose or significance that can change the state of a dynamic system that can understand and apply the message. In a way, the message is the

In its limited sense, information is defined as processed data with a message or meaning that can change the state of a dynamic system that can understand and apply the message.

The message is, in a way, the information transmitted.

Technically speaking, information should transmit a message that resolves some ambiguity. Data must be contextualized, categorized, computed, and compacted in order to become information.

Thus, information is data that has been meaningfully and properly processed for a certain purpose.

Shannon and Weaver’s Theory of Information

1.2.1 Library and Information Science (LIS)

Information is frequently viewed in LIS as documentary forms. Records are a result of commercial transactions and study. According to the International Committee on Archives’ (ICA) Committee on Electronic Records, a record is “a

particular piece of recorded data that was created, gathered, or received during the start, execution, or conclusion of an action and that has enough context, content, and organisation to serve as proof or evidence of that activity. Archives are kept for historical and legal reasons as well as corporate memory in governments and corporations.

1.2.2 Systems Theory

Information is frequently defined by systems theory as any pattern that affects the creation or modification of other patterns. According to this perspective, information is seen as a representation and does not always need to be perceived by the conscious mind; example

For instance, the creation of an organism in a biological system is influenced by the information encoded in the nucleotide pattern of DNA. Information has previously been mentioned as a sensory causal input. However, perception of information leads to transformation in both individuals as psychological beings and social systems (groups of people), and information can become knowledge. For researchers and corporate settings (knowledge management), for instance, such a shift is essential to gaining a competitive edge. By arguing that the medium is the message, McLuhan also suggests that artefacts can cause people’s attitudes and behaviours to change.

1.2.3 Information as Sign Systems

Signs and sign systems are another way that information is taken into account. Pragmatics, Semantics, Syntax, and Empirics are the branches of Semiotics, the science of signs and sign systems. Every one of these branches is focused on a particular facet of communication. The goal of communication is the focus of pragmatics. The meaning and content of the communication that is conveyed are the focus of semantics. The rules of language—logic, grammar, and other formalisms—that are used to convey a message are referred to as syntax. Empirics is the study of the physical properties of the medium and communication channels, as well as the signals that convey a message.

The social context in which a communication act occurs typically dictates the communication’s goal. Think about a subject header in an OPAC bibliographic record, for instance. The parent organisation, the library and the social context for all of the library’s services and instruments, including the OPAC (pragmatics), is established by its patrons. The message’s goal—in this case, a subject heading—is to provide a clear and concise understanding of the topic of the document that the bibliographic record represents (Semantics). The message will be coded by the indexer/cataloguer using the syntax and grammar of the relevant indexing language.

1.2.3. Mathematical Theory of Information

One of the most significant ideas to emerge from Shannon and Weaver’s work is the concept of entropy, which broadly refers to the degree of uncertainty and disorganisation in a message or system. Information theory is a field that overlaps into mathematics, electrical, electronic, and communications engineering, biology, sociology, and psychology, to name a few. The main goal of the theory was to discover mathematical laws that govern the behaviour of signals as they are transferred or retrieved .

1.3 Knowledge

Knowledge can be characterised as human comprehension of a subject matter that has been obtained via appropriate study and experience, typically based on learning, thinking, and accurate comprehension of the problem area.

In the same way that information is derived from data, knowledge is derived from information.

The cognitive processes of perception, communication, association, and reasoning are all involved in the acquisition of knowledge.

Different type of knowledge

Knowledge is categorised according to its procedural, declarative, semantic, or episodic nature.

• Procedural knowledge: An awareness of how to perform a particular process is known as procedural knowledge.
• Declarative knowledge : The expert is aware of this everyday knowledge. Because it consists of straightforward facts, it is superficial knowledge that is easily remembered. This kind of information is frequently stored in short-term memory.
• Semantic knowledge : The majority of this highly structured, “chunked” knowledge is stored in long-term memory. Major ideas, terminology, facts, and relationships are examples of semantic knowledge.
• Episodic Knowledge: It depicts the information derived from episodes (experimental data). In long-term memory, each episode is typically “chunked.”

Another Classification of Knowledge :

• Tacit knowledge: It is information that is typically ingrained in the human mind by experience. Polanyi first described this kind of knowledge in 1966. It refers to intuitive, difficult-to-define knowledge that is mostly experience-based and is sometimes called “know-how” (Brown & Duguid 1998). As a result, tacit knowledge is frequently context-dependent and individualized. It is profoundly ingrained in action, dedication, and involvement and is difficult to explain (Nonaka 1994).
• Explicit knowledge: It is information that has been digitised and codified in books, reports, spreadsheets, memoranda, and other papers. According to Horvath (2000) and Gamble & Blackwell (2001), embedded knowledge is knowledge that is locked into processes, products, culture, routines, artifacts, or structures. Knowledge is incorporated either formally—for example, by a management initiative to formalize a particular useful routine—or informally—by the organization’s usage and application of the other two forms of knowledge.

There are those who argue that explicit knowledge is ‘information’ and all
knowledge is tacit.

Wikipedia lists the following types of knowledge:

• A priori and a posteriori knowledge
• Descriptive knowledge
• Extelligence
• Experience
• Libre knowledge
• Meta knowledge (knowledge about knowledge)
• Procedural knowledge
• Self-knowledge
• Tacit knowledge

Knowledge Organization

Knowledge organisation is one area of LIS that has addressed the concept of knowledge; the German classificationist Ingetraut Dahlberg popularised the phrase. Knowledge, to her, was the known. In the majority of his writings, S. R. Ranganathan prefers to refer to the universe of subjects rather than the universe of knowledge. Dahlberg continued by speculating that information could be transmitted beyond time and space. This is a completely pragmatic perspective of knowledge, which was primarily motivated by the needs of knowledge organisation and holds that knowledge only exists in the human dimension. Hjorland offers a more thorough method that functions as a foundation for knowledge in LIS and enumerates four fundamental epistemological propositions.

Knowledge Utilising knowledge and data to address “how” queries

A well-liked model for categorising human understanding in the perceptual and cognitive realm is the data-information-knowledge-wisdom (DIKW) hierarchy. The English poet T.S. Eliot is credited with its inception, saying

1.4 .Wisdom

Sapience, another name for wisdom, is the capacity to use knowledge, experience, and sound judgement to negotiate the challenges of life.

It is often associated with insight, discernment, and ethics in decision-making. Philosophically, wisdom has been explored by thinkers from Ancient Greece to modern times

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisdom

Questionaries on Data information knowledge and wisdom

Questionaries on Data information knowledge and wisdom 2 Tacit Knowledge and Explicit Knowledge